I’m getting pushed into new areas and have a chance to do some work on an Arduino. This blog post discusses Blink, a simple application that includes automated testing. You can watch a video showing how this project can be used.
Automated Testing
Any serious software project should have good tests and much work has been done to automate that process. One challenging area for testing is low-level devices, such as an Arduino, whose primary action is setting lines to high or low voltage. One project that seems to be doing a good job of filling this gap is arduino_ci. In this project we provide a sample Arduino program with automated tests.
Blink
One of the initial Arduino tutorials is Blink, a program that simply turns an LED on and off for one second each. It is a nice demo that doesn’t require any external devices and can be written in a few lines of code.
Sketch
An Arduino Sketch is a program written in the Arduino IDE. It is based on C++, but has a different extension (.ino). A sketch has two public methods, setup(), which is called once when the board is powered on or reset, and loop(), which is called repeatedly after the setup process finishes.
Some of the confusion (for me, at least) about how to test a sketch is that it isn’t technically C/C++ and isn’t (typcally) edited in a traditional IDE. But the Arduino IDE does allow C/C++ code to be referenced by a sketch, and such code is called a library.
Library
Although a library is described in the glossary as “a software extension of the Arduino API that expands the functionality of a program,” it is basically C/C++ code that can be called from a sketch. In fact, there isn’t any reason you can’t write essentially your entire program as a library (and even reference other libraries as needed). Consider the original blink sketch:
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
The basic sketch could be replaced with the following:
#include "Blink.h"
Blink blink;
void setup() {
blink.setup();
}
void loop() {
blink.loop();
}
Then, given a library with Blink.h and Blink.cpp, we have the equivalent functionality but now the program itself is essentially all in C/C++ and we can run it somewhere other than on an Arduino.
arduino_ci
The ArduinoCI Ruby gem “is a cross-platform build/test system, consisting of a Ruby gem and a series of C++ mocks. It enables tests to be run both locally and as part of a CI service like Travis or Appveyor. Any OS that can run the Arduino IDE can run arduino_ci (cite). But, it “can only really work on an arduino library, not an arduino sketch. So if you factor your code into classes such that the standard arduino functions like setup() and loop() are just thin wrappers around library functions” then you can run tests on it (cite).
To actually see this work, do the following:
- copy this project (simply download the zip unless you want to fork it and contribute!) into your Arduino
librariesdirectory (~/Documents/Arduino/libraries/on macOS) - copy
Blink/fromexamples/to your Arduino projects directory (~/Documents/Arduino/on macOS) - open the sketch in the Arduino IDE and try it out
- open a command shell in the library directory and execute the following:
bundle install --path vendor/bundle
bundle exec arduino_ci_remote.rb
With that you should have an application that works and has automated tests!
Programming Gems (on GemStone) 